MANAGEABLE COMPLEXITY

One of the very first apparatus I wrote about in 2010 was called Cardboard Chutes.  It was a simple apparatus that was made from the v-shaped packing corners of a refrigerator box.  Set on an incline, the chutes provided lots of opportunity to experiment with social conventions and the laws of physics.

Last year, someone gave me some new packing corners.  I added them onto the sides of the original cardboard chutes to create a slightly more complex apparatus.  The children could now put the stuff from the table down either an open chute or a closed chute.  You can find the write-up here.

I hope you notice the boy at the end of the closed chute.  He is all set to watch the cars and sticks race down the closed chute.  Do you think he is going to get bonked?

This year I added yet another component to the original chutes.  I attached cardboard tubes underneath the apparatus.

Oh my, I must say, this is not one of the most attractive apparatus I have ever made.

Here is another view

More attractive?  I think not.

So if the apparatus is not attractive, does it have any redeeming qualities to make it appealing for play and exploration?  This summer I read a book by Frances Pockman Hawkins.  The title is The Logic of Action: Young Children at Work.  In the book she advocates for provisioning for "manageable complexity."  Well, if the apparatus is not overly attractive, then does it provide for manageable complexity?  Take a look at the following picture and you tell me.

Pictured are seven children actively engaged either in solitary play or group play.  If we start on the right and move around the table, lets's see what we get.  The child in the maroon shirt is scooping corn from the tray---not the table---to pour down the cardboard tube.  The girl with the black hair next to him is scooping corn from the table to pour down the chute that has the blue scoop. The child in the foreground on the right is filling a clear plastic tube with corn from the tub. The child in the foreground on the left is catching corn coming from the corn diverted by the clear plastic tube.  He is filling his own clear plastic tube he has in his left hand with the corn he is catching with his scoop.  The child in blue is holding a clear plastic tube to divert the corn through the tube as it tumbles down the chute.  The boy with the pan is pouring the corn down the chute. The seventh child is behind him (you can see the child holding the red scoop).  That child is also pouring corn down the chute that slides underneath the pan.   I was especially struck by the four on the left.  Were they conscious that they were working together?  Or were they each doing their own thing and it happens to look like they are working together?  Or are two or three working together and the other two or one along for the ride?  Manageable complexity?

Here is another possible example manageable complexity.  This is a video clip of three boys filling the five-gallon bucket next to the table.  As the video starts out, you can see they have already gone a long way toward filling the bucket.  The action begins with the child on the right adding a small scoop of corn to the bucket.  Since so much of the corn is in the bucket, they are literally scraping the bottom of the table and tub for more corn.  The child at the end of the tub (not superman) has filled his scoop and proceeds to walk around the table.  As he does, he says: "I know."  He says that because he has an idea.  The idea turns out to be sending corn down the chute for superman to catch and put in the bucket.  Watch.

Fill the bucket from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

I hope the fact that he could have put the corn directly in the bucket as he passes right by it on his trip around the table is not lost on you.  Instead he has decided to bring his corn to the top of the chute and send it down to his friends.  You might say he is creating a "corn brigade" to fill the bucket.  Manageable complexity?

As you might guess, I like the concept of manageable complexity.  For me it trumps aesthetics. Maybe someday I will find a way to merge the two.  In the meantime, these types of raw materials will continue to offer manageable complexity to create rich opportunities and possibilities for play and exploration.

P.S. I will be presenting six sessions at the annual CECA conference in Kansas City August 7 and 8.  If you are in the area, you may want to check out the conference (www.CECAkc.org).  If you are going to the conference and attend one of my session, please stop by to introduce yourself. 

DUPLO BOARD RAMP II

In October 2011, I did a post on building a Duplo Board Ramp.  I built a wood base with sides to hold Lego Wall Boards.  (If  you want to know more about how the apparatus was built, check out the original post.)

One of the decisions with the first design was: What should be its incline?  If the ramp is too steep, the water rushes down the ramp too quickly for the children to notice how the water is disbursed by the Duplo nubs.  With less of an incline, it is harder for the children to scoop the water from the table because they have to reach under the overhanging ramp.

This year I was able to get the incline I wanted without the overhang by adding an additional small table between my blue table and the tub into which the water empties.

The additional table serves a second purpose, too.  The ramp is not water tight so it collects the water that drips through the ramp.   Also, children tend to transport water from the sensory table to the tub and the additional table serves as another catch basin.

I have been including clear plastic tubes as loose parts this year with a lot of the apparatus.  With this apparatus, they worked especially well with the Duplo Window/Door Blocks.

There was a lot of experimenting with the tubes.  One of the more unique results was a little water fountain.   When you watch the following, you can hear the child's mother say: "Oh my goodness. Beautiful."

Water fountain from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

The three-year-old does not really understand the fluid dynamics he sets in motion (I don't either), but he does more than just pour water down the tube.  He creates a fountain.

He does, however, understand what it means to share an activity with a friend.  In the following clip, a friend has joined him.  He pours the water down the tube and she feels the water flow through her fingers as she holds the other end of the tube.  Watch.

Joint engagement from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

Why is a little episode worth noting?  Because that joint engagement is essential for children to develop the ability to track the intentions of the other, a very important social skill.  You can clearly see it in the clip when each child references what the other is doing.  

With this apparatus, I decided to play myself.  With the help of some of the children, I built a wall with the Duplos.  The reason was to see if it was possible to damn the water. Here is the result.

The Duplo wall leaked, but we were able to pour water fast enough so it did reach the top of the wall and even began to flow over the wall.

That provocation led to a flurry of building and some serious water dumping.  I did not do the building this time, but I helped lift the 5-gllon bucket to dump the water.  As the clip starts, several children are pouring water into the bucket as I am lifting it with one hand.  (My other hand is holding the camera.  The strain of lifting makes the first couple seconds pretty jumpy.)  As I lift it up to the edge of the incline, one of the children helps tip it so the water pours out and gushes down the ramp to meet the Duplo structure at the other end.  On the other end, one of the children keeps pronouncing for all to here: "No way, no way!"  Watch.

Flood from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

This joint engagement is more complex.  Instead of all the children working on a common goal, one group is building and the opposing group is working frenetically to see if they can knock the building down with a flood of water.  That means that instead of reading harmonious intentions, these two groups are actually reading antagonistic intentions.  The beauty of this is that is all done in play.  The play provides a safe way for the children to experience those feelings and learn to cope with them.  By the way, the play never escalated to hostility.  A bit of bedlam, yes; hostility, no.

In May I did a post on children's quest for physical challenges in relation to another apparatus. Well, when a person starts looking for things in one context, it often "spills" over into another. Watch and see what I mean.

Physical challenge from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

That was quite a physical feat.  This child begins to lift his submerged container out of the water. He realizes it is too full, so he makes a minor adjustment by dumping some of the water out.  It is truly minor because the container is still very full.  He lifts it completely up and proceeds to walk around the table to the other side.  There are two things to note at this point: 1) the container is not made for carrying water so it flexes as he walks requiring him to make constant adjustments in holding the container and 2) his walking motion is transferred to the water in the container again requiring him to make constant adjustments in his walking motion so not too much sloshes out onto the floor.  He does surprising well on both counts.   Once he reaches the end of the board incline, he lifts the container up and pours.  That is no easy task either because it is heavy and he is lifting it up above his shoulders to pour.  Not all of the water goes down the ramp, but an impressive amount does.  He pauses a few seconds to watch the water flow down the ramp and then returns to the bottom of the ramp to catch some of the water he has just poured down the ramp.  

There is such energy and focus in the pictures and videos.  But are they learning?  And what are they learning?  For sure they are not being told what and how to think.  Their play is self-directed driven by a quest to put their mind around how the physical and social and emotional world works. Maybe what is important is not what they are learning, but how they are learning.  

P.S. I will be presenting six sessions at the annual CECA conference in Kansas City August 7 and 8.  If you are in the area, you may want to check out the conference (www.CECAkc.org).  If you are going to the conference, please stop by to chat. 

CLOTHESLINE REVISITED

There are some apparatus I install every year at the sensory table.  The Clothesline is one of them.

The apparatus is for the children to wash babies and to wash and hang clothes.  The clothesline is set up over the table so when the clothes drip, the water drips back into the table.

Here is the original setup.

You can find the original post here

Last year I added an additional clothesline with pulleys so the third clothesline can move.

You can find last year's post here

To accomodate the moving clothesline, I added another smaller water table on the end of the blue table.  You can see it in the first picture at the top of this post.  With this setup, though, there was one problem to surmount.  The smaller table had a slant for which to compensate if the second poll could be attached to make it stable and stand straight up.  The solution was to add a unit block and wedge from the block area and tape them together and then tape them both to the table. In that way, the poll was secured at two points and stood perpendicular to the floor.  See below.

I often relate finding solutions for problems that arise during construction of an apparatus with the problems the children pose for themselves when exploring the apparatus.  The solution arises while playing with the elements.  Sometimes it doesn't work and then there needs to be more playing.  (To let you in on a little secret---sometimes it just doesn't work.  But there was still joy in playing and sometimes a new idea surfaces to try later.)

In my previous two posts, I wrote about how to construct the clothesline and some of the operations the children performed using the clothesline, clothespins, and washing the babies. Here let me write about a couple of operations that have nothing to do with washing the babies or washing and hanging the clothes. Rather, let me write about a couple of purely sensory operations the children found to their liking this year.

First, there is rolling the soap around in your hands.  It is slippery and it makes suds; a simple pleasure that is often overlooked. Why does this child choose to roll the soap in his hand until it either slips out or makes the suds?

I appreciate when the children start to think outside the table.  Not only has the child pictured below decided that there was more to wash than the clothes and the babies, but he expands his washing of the table to the legs outside the table.

The child starts out washing the little pedestal in one corner of the table (left) and then moves down to the legs of the table (right).  What motivates this child to wash the table and its legs?

This last video may be considered washing the blanket, but after watching it several times, I think it is something different.  The child seems to be exploring what happens with a wet blanket in the water.  How does it feel to pat the blanket in the water?  Watch.

Patting the blanket from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

Why and how did this child reach the point at which he decided to gently pat the blanket as it floated in the water?  (On a trip to a beach, do you remember the feeling of a wet blanket in the water?  Is that what this child is experiencing?)

Children are always making choices at the sensory table in terms of what to do with the elements provided.  I fool myself if I only look for the "whiz-bang" moments.  Rather, I must remember to look closely at even the simplest and mundane operations.  Why?  Because I cannot presume to know the child unless I observe him making meaningful choices for himself no matter how simple or mundane.

VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL, AND INCLINE

If you look at the right-hand column of this blog, you will see ORIENTATION broken down into three components: vertical, horizontal, and incline.  Now those orientations are not exclusive, but can be combined in any number of ways. Take, for instance, the apparatus below which incorporates all three.

 

This apparatus started out as Vertical Tubes in a Box.  

 

If you want to see how the children explore the vertical tubes, check out this post.

Last year, I added a horizontal tube and a inclined tube.

If you want to get an idea of how the children use the horizontal tubes, check out this post.

This year, I added a second cardboard tube running horizontally through the box.  That allowed the support for a second inclined tube so there are tubes on both sides of the apparatus.  Instead of cardboard tubes, I used clear plastic tubes.  The tubes are inclined in opposite directions so sand can be transferred back and forth.  They are also set at a different pitch so the sand travels down each at a different rate.

In this post, let me show you some of the exploration with the tube inclines.  Just to be clear, you do not need an apparatus to explore the sand in the table.  There is always a lot going on that has nothing to do with the apparatus and everything to do with the materials provided.

Let's see, though, how the apparatus affords so much more in terms of exploration.  There are added physical challenges.

Sometimes those physical challenges require cooperation and coordination.  Watch as these two boys try to pour a full bowl of sand down one of the tubes.
1-2-3 Lift! from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

When you saw the video, what was your reaction when the boys dropped the heavy bowl?  Was that too dangerous to allow?  When I watched these boys, I was amazed at the amount of coordination, cooperation, and minute adjustments it took to complete their self-appointed task. Did you notice in the last frame of the video the orange sand in the boy's hair?

Sometimes the apparatus allows for some very imaginative play.  In the next video, the sand sliding down the tube represents a melting train.
Melting train from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

Earlier in the week, some of the children were imaging the sand flowing down the tube as hot lava. That is easy for an adult to comprehend.  But a melting train?  Only in a child's mind---and I can appreciate that.

Sometimes the apparatus allows for the unique combination of the various elements.  This boy has figured out a method of pouring the sand down the tube without using his hands.  How inventive is that?

An apparatus creates an inviting and unique space for exploration.  Whether an apparatus is vertical, horizontal, on an incline, or any combination of the three, I trust the children to make it their own and create new and novel operations. By relying on their agency, I do not need to manage their behavior.  I can observe and when I observe, I see that what they are doing is not inconsequential.  

AN IDEAL GIFT

This past week was the last week of school for our program until September.  It is not unusual for teachers to get end-of-the-school-year gifts.   Often times it is easy to see that the parent has chosen the gift for the child to give.

Before I get to this year's IDEAL GIFT, I have to show you what a colleague also gave me at the end of the school year.  She gave me a set of 10 cardboard tubes.  Three are pictured below.

They came in two sizes: 1) 90" (2.286 m) long with a 3.25" (8.255 cm) diameter hole and 2) 105" (2.667 m) long with a 4.25" (10.795 cm) diameter hole.  These are great cardboard tubes because they are long and strong.  Where did she get them?  Her neighbor is a professional fisherman and the fishing rods are shipped in these tubes.  He wanted to get rid of them so she thought of me. So if you know someone who fishes professionally, ask him or her for the cardboard tubes the rods come in.

The IDEAL GIFT this year looks a lot like those tubes.  It is pictured below.

Is it the same?  It is also a strong cardboard tube, but much smaller.  It is 18" (45.72 cm) long with a 1.25" (3.175 cm) diameter hole.  A child who has been in my class for three years (I have a mixed-age class), brought this in on the last day of school.  She said it was from her easel so I am assuming it held paper that unrolled onto the easel.  

What she said next and why it is the IDEAL GIFT is this:  "I think you can use this in your sensory table."  I was blown away.  Here was a 5-year-old child who understood what makes me tick and felt the urge to be generous.  In short, it was a tailor-made gift just for me.  I often have adults bring me things they think I can use in my sensory table, but this is the first time a child has tendered an offering.   

I, of course, accepted it graciously.  My mind began to race immediately on how to use it.  I began to think of orientations---vertical, horizontal, incline.  Maybe I will embed it in one of those larger tubes; I have embedded boxes in boxes but not tubes in tubes.  TBD.

Now I ask you: Did she or did she not give me the IDEAL GIFT?

WORM SLIDE - THE CHILDREN'S TURN

Last week I wrote about the Evolution of a Worm Slide.  That was my play.  Now it is the children's turn to show you their play.

The first thing they do is examine the worms.  By the way, these are not real worms; they are plastic worms used for fishing.  Some children will have not have anything to do with the critters. Most of the children do engage in various forms of inquiry, though. Watch how this boy investigates the worms.

Touching the worms from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

This child actually spent a long time at the table studying the feel and the properties of the worms. When he came back the next day, this is how he felt about the worms.

Then there are the worms and the tubes together.  Since the worms are so flaccid, it takes a lot of concentration to get even one into the tubes that have narrower openings.

Sometimes the worm does not want to cooperative so it takes a lot of perseverance to deposit the worm in a narrow pipe.  Watch.

Putting the worm in the pipe---or not from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

The boy tries three times, but the worm does not go in.  The video does not show it, but he eventually gets it in.  An adult might get frustrated, but a child creates his own challenge and, with a lot a intricate fine motor work and perseverance, finishes the job.

Then there are the worms in the plastic chute (florescent cover).  That has a wider opening so the children can and do pile the worms.  In addition, the chute does not have a very steep incline.  As a consequence, there can be a logjam of worms in the chute.  How do you get them moving again?  You begin by gathering a good quantity of water to pour into the chute.  Watch how it works.

Worm logjam from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

The amount of cooperation between the children is stunning.  First, the two boys work together to fill the bottle and then the older boy pours the water and the girl with the net catches all the worms.  Beside the cooperation, there was persistence on the boys' part and patience on the girl's part for the whole operation to be successful.  

Sometimes it is trying to figure out where the worm comes out and where does it go.

Sometimes there is just the worms and containers.  One of the preferred operations is to fill a bottle with  worms and water. 

The thing about the worms is that they are so squiggly so it takes a fair amount of fine motor work to get them in the bottle.  

Sometimes it has nothing at all to do with the worms.  Sometimes it is just about pouring and catching the water coming out of the tubes and chute.  The thing is, there are as many ways of catching the water as materials on hand and the various inclinations of the children.

Sometimes it is the smallest container

Sometimes it is catching the drops with a bottle.

 And sometimes it is catching the rushing water with a pail.

This is just a small sample of the children's play at the Worm Slide.  It is as varied as the children who conceive it.  The funny thing is this play looks like serious work that helps develop persistence, concentration, investigation, cooperation, communication, self-rgulation and a host of other important life skills.  Does play drive the learning or are they one and the same?

EVOLUTION OF A WORM SLIDE

The first Worm Slide I built was in 2004.  Someone recently asked me where do I get my ideas for the apparatuses I build.  I do not always know, but this one started out in a sporting goods store. I happened to pass by a clearance bin and saw a "bucket of bait" on sale.  I do not fish, but I thought that the  plastic worms and such---sans hooks---were something the children would dearly like to physically and mentally cultivate.  I could have simply dropped them into the water table for the children to poke, pull, scoop, and dump.  Since I had recently been working with narrow PVC pipes, though, I thought the pipes would make good conduits for the children to slide the worms down and out of the table

Here is the one I build in 2004.  It was a simple structure that had two narrow PVC pipes taped to an upside down planter tray and the lip of the table so the pipes are on an incline.   A tub is positioned at the end of the table to catch the worms dropping out of the pipes.

Here is the second one I built in 2007.  The pipes were threaded through a crate that is taped to two planter trays set inside the table.  This set up was very simple, too, but more stable.

In 2011, I used a crate again; there were two modifications, though.   I replaced one of the narrow pipes with a wider plastic chute and I threaded a V-shaped piece of plastic through the crate so it directed the worms back into the table itself instead out of table into the tub next to the table.

If you are interested, you can read more about this version from July 2011 here.

This year I created three versions over two days before I was satisfied.  The first one used a crate, the narrow PVC pipe, and the wide chute.  Two clear tubes were also added.

I had a clear plastic flexible tubing that I wanted to wind around the crate, but the diameter was too big to fit in the holes of the red crate.  There was also a problem with securing the clear plastic tubes.  I used a plastic container so the incline would not be so steep, but the plastic container proved to be unstable even with lots of tape.  In addition, I could not thread the narrow pipe through the crate to give  added stability to the structure.

For the second version, I used a green crate that had round holes big enough to accommodate the flexible plastic tubing I wanted to add.  Before I even inserted this clear plastic tubing, though, I ran into problems securing the tubes to the crate.  I really wanted to thread the narrow PVC pipe through the crate for stability, but could not.

I actually abandoned this design even before the children had at it.

For the third and final version, I flipped the crate over.  That allowed me to thread the narrow PVC pipe through the handle of the crate.  I was then able to tape the larger plastic tube more securely using the handle hole, too.   This also allowed me to thread the clear flexible tubing through a hole in the crate.  To keep that secure, I taped it to the handle hole and the larger plastic tube.   

I wound the flexible tubing around the crate so it would empty into a 5-gallon bucket on the other side of the water table.

My worm slide now had all the features I wanted and it was secure.

This post gives you a little idea of the process I go through when building an apparatus.  I find I have to try things and experiment with different orientations and combinations of elements.  In the process of building, some things work and some things do not.  For me, an idea only takes shape in the actual building process.  In fact, if I tried to plan out every detail, I probably would never start.  One of the most important lessons I have learned from the children is that knowing is in trying and the doing.  

Is it worth it?  Watch this video of this three-year-old pouring water into the tubing where he as placed a worm and you decide.

Where did it go? from Thomas Bedard on Vimeo.

Did you see him travel the path of the tubing with his body, eyes, and hand?  You can almost see the wheels turning in his head as he figures out: "Where did it go?"

The next step in the evolution of the worm slide will be a worm water park---next year.